Traditional Land Use Hunting and Gathering

Traditional Land Use

• Hunting and Gathering

• Slash-and-Burn or Swidden Agriculture

Swidden Agriculture

• Productivity decreases over time

• Polyculture

Swidden Fallowing

• Plant longer lived species

Mimic of Succession

Neotropical Crops

• Corn (native to southern Mexico)

• Rice (native to Asian tropics)

Manioc

Sugar Cane

Bananas

Plantains

Papaya

Pineapple

Mango

Breadfruit Tree

Cacao

Coffee

Coconut Palm

Pejibaye Palm

Castilla sp.

Palm Oil

Deforestation

Deforestation

Fragmentation

Mass Extinctions

6^th Mass Extinction

Golden Toad of Monteverde

Chytrid Fungus

Extractive Reserves

• Non-timber resources

Brazil-Nut

Ecotourism

Conservation Reserves

Restoration

Sustainable Agriculture

Costa Rican Organisms

HERPTILES AND FISH

Order Crocodylia

Caimans and Crocodiles

Spectacled Caiman
(Caiman crocodilis)

American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)

Order Testudines

Turtles

Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)

Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coiracea)

Black River Turtle (Rhinoclemmys funerea)

Red Turtle
(Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima)

Snapping Turtle
(Chelydra serpentina)

Suborder Lacertilia

Lizards

Central American Banded Gecko (Coleonyx mitratus)

Yellow Headed Gecko (Gonatodes albogularis)

Turnip Tail Gecko (Thecadactylus rapicauda)

Green Basilisk
(Basiliscus plumifrons)

Striped Basilisk
(Basiliscus vittatus)

Spiny-Tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis)

Green Iguana (Iguana iguana)

Green Spiny Lizard (Sceloporus malachiticus)

Green Tree Anole
(Norops biporcatus)

Pacific Anole (Norops cupreus)

Golden Spectacled Lizard (Gymnophthalmus speciosus)

Suborder Serpentes

SNAKES

Boa constrictor
(Boa constrictor)

Central American Coral Snake (Micrurus nigrocinctus)

Tropical Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum)

False Coral Snake (Erythrolamprus mimus)

Brown Vine Snake
(Oxybelus aeneus)

Fer-de-Lance (Bothrops asper)

False Fer-de-Lance
(Xenodon rabdocephalus)

Eyelash Viper
(Bothriechis schlegelii)

Hognosed Viper
(Porthidium nasutum)

Bushmaster (Lachesis stenophrys)

Amphibians

Salamanders and Frogs

Ridge-Headed Salamander (Bolitoglossa colonnea)

Red-Legged Mountain Salamander (Bolitoglossa pesrubra)

Mexican Burrowing Toad (Rhinophrynus dorsalis)

Litter Toad (Bufo haematiticus)

Fleischmann’s Grass Frog (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni)

Green and Black Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates auratus)

Strawberry Poison Dart Frog (Oophaga pumilio)

Red-Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychmis callidryas)

Parchuting Red-Eyed Tree Frog (Agalychnis saltator)

Gladiator Tree Frog
(Hypsiboas rosenbergi)

Masked Tree Frog
(Smilisca phaeota)

Common Tink Frog (Eleutherodactylus diastema)

Smoky Jungle Frog (Leptodactylus savagei)

Freshwater Fish Species

Convict Cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata)

Pastel Cichlid
(Amphilophus alfari)

Spicule Anchovy (Anchoa spinifer)

American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)

Rainbow Cichlid (Archocentrus multispinosis)

Banded Tetra
(Astyanax aeneus)

Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus)

River Goby (Awoas banana)

Red Sea Catfish
(Bagre pinnemaculatus)

Clingfish (Gobiesox nudus)

Moga (Hypsophrys nicaraguensis)

What do you recognize?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OibDyN457nE

Tools of the Trade

FIELD INSTRUMENTS

Refractometer

Nitrogen Paper

Vaseline

Kick Net

Vials

Zip Loc Bags

String

Counter

Duct Tape

Petri Dishes

Screen

Costa Rican Culture

Last Minute Details

Re-read

• In Tropical Nature: “Tropical Travel: A Beginner’s Guide”

• In Neotropical Companion: “And Hey, Let’s Be Careful Out There”

• Come with final questions on Wednesday