Proportion surveyed for diet
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Appendix A1: Dietary carotenoid content and pigmentation indices for 141 families of birds , including the proportion of each family surveyed and the prevalence of carotenoid pigmentation of plumage and bare parts within each family. Methods used to identify carotenoids are noted: A = assumption based on colour alone or on presence in related families ; B = biochemical analysis ; N = no colours indicative of carotenoids ; O = assumption based on observations of colour changes in wild or captive birds ; S = assumption based on presence of feather structures associated with carotenoid pigmentation. Asterisks indicate work conducted by the author. For pigmentation indices: All = all carotenoid-based colours ; R = red carotenoids ; Y = yellow carotenoids).
Family
# spp.
proportion surveyed for diet
Dietary carotenoid index
proportion surveyed for colour
carotenoid
ident.
method(s)
Plumage
Bare parts
All
R
Y
All
R
Y
Struthionidae
1
1.00
3.71
1.00
O
0
0
0
1
1
0
Rheidae
2
1.00
3.60
1.00
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
Casuariidae
4
1.00
4.51
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.75
0.75
0.25
Apterygidae
3
1.00
4.39
1.00
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tinamidae
47
0.53
3.55
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.55
0.21
0.21
Cracidae
50
0.72
4.77
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
0.92
0.24
Megapodiidae
22
0.59
3.77
1.00
O, A
0.05
0.05
0
0.95
0.91
0.91
Phasianidae
175
0.83
3.90
0.99
B, S*
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.90
0.59
0.34
Numididae
6
1.00
4.11
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
0.67
0.33
Odontophoridae
32
0.72
3.39
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.31
0.19
0.06
Anhimidae
3
1.00
3.97
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.67
0.67
0
Anseranatidae
1
1.00
4.00
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
1
0
Dendrocygnidae
9
1.00
3.41
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.33
0.33
0
Anatidae
136
0.93
3.73
1.00
B, S*
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.61
0.32
0.31
Turnicidae
16
0.81
2.86
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.75
0.13
0.56
Indicatoridae
17
1.00
2.93
1.00
S*
0.88
0
0.35
0.59
0.29
0.12
Picidae
214
0.79
3.78
0.99
B, S
0.97
0.92
0.66
0.60
0.03
0.24
Megalaimidae
26
0.58
5.68
1.00
S*
1
0.69
0.73
0.35
0.19
0.12
Lybiidae
42
0.93
5.24
1.00
S*
0.81
0.50
0.64
0.24
0.05
0.21
Ramphastidae
55
0.82
5.22
0.27
B, S*
1
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.56
0.78
Galbulidae
18
0.44
3.78
0.50
S*
0
0
0
0.25
0
0.25
Bucconidae
33
0.33
3.93
0.33
A
0
0
0
0.45
0.27
0.18
Bucerotidae
52
0.88
4.48
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.90
0.69
0.88
Bucorvidae
2
1.00
3.25
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
1
0
Upupidae
2
1.00
3.81
1.00
S*
0
0
0
0
0
0
Phoeniculidae
5
1.00
4.32
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
1
0.2
Rhinopomastidae
3
1.00
4.00
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.33
0.33
0.2
Trogonidae
39
0.82
4.80
0.69
B, O
1
0.8
0.24
0.60
0.16
0.44
Coraciidae
12
0.83
3.76
1.00
S*
0.60
0
0
0.9
0.2
0.4
Brachypteraciidae
5
1.00
3.71
1.00
S*
0.80
0
0
0.4
0.2
0.2
Leptosomidae
1
1.00
3.60
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
1
0
Momotidae
9
0.78
4.26
0.67
A
1
0
0
0.17
0
0.17
Todidae
5
1.00
4.16
1.00
A
1
1
1
1
1
0
Alcedinidae
22
1.00
3.52
1.00
B, S*
0.68
0
0.05
0.91
0.91
0.05
Halcyonidae
56
0.98
3.65
1.00
B, S*
0.52
0.04
0.20
0.59
0.46
0.23
Cerylidae
9
1.00
3.49
1.00
B, S*
0.11
0
0.11
0.33
0
0.33
Meropidae
24
0.96
3.93
1.00
S*
1
0.33
0.67
0.04
0
0.04
Coliidae
6
0.83
5.18
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
1
0.2
Cuculidae
76
0.99
4.11
1.00
A
0.12
0.01
0.03
0.78
0.30
0.49
Centropodidae
28
0.75
3.57
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.11
0
0.11
Coccyzidae
18
1.00
3.85
1.00
A
0
0
0
1
0.56
0.56
Opisthocomidae
1
1.00
5.08
1.00
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
Crotophagidae
4
1.00
3.57
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.25
0
0.25
Neomorphidae
10
0.80
3.71
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.90
0.30
0.70
Apodidae
92
0.71
4.00
1.00
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hemiprocnidae
4
1.00
4.00
1.00
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trochilidae
328
0.97
2.91
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.36
0.25
0.03
Tytonidae
16
0.69
3.28
1.00
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
Strigidae
189
0.86
3.60
1.00
A
0
0
0
0.65
0.03
0.61