The visible increase of anthropic pressing upon flora species in the Republic of Moldova has provoked essential changes in the structure of the vegetal cover. The invasion of synanthropic species into degraded natural species stop the processes of restoring the natural biocenoses and affects their functioning.
The synanthropic flora consists of three main groups: ruderal, segetal and adventitious. Their species diversity consists of about 460 species, which form 43 communities from Festuceta, Brometa, Secalineta and Chenopodieta classes. The weeds with aggressive nature constitute 114 species, of which 11 quarantine species. The representatives of these species damage mostly natural ecosystems of degraded pastures and agricultural ecosystems. Acer negundo represents a considerable danger to forest ecosystems.
3b. The inventory of invasive adventitious species is carried out annually. The methods of reproduction, migration ways, progression and regression of species spreading areas are investigated. Once a new species appeared, it is included into a special list by pointing out the time of penetration and place of growing. When a species disappeared, it is excluded from this list.
The main adventitious species are the following:
Acer negundo, Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. crispus, A. cruentus, A. deflexus, A. hybridus, A. hypohondriacus, A. lividus, A. retoflexus, A. powellii, A. spinosus, Asclepias syriaca, Ambrasia artemiisifolia, A. trifida, Artemisia annua, A. argyi, A. dracunculus, A. siewersiana, A. toutrneforiana, Aster salignus, Brachyactis ciliata, Calendula officinalis, Centaurea iberica, Chamomilla suaveolens, Cyclachaena xanthifolia, Erigeron annus, E. Canadensis, Galinsoga ciliata, G. Parviflora, Grindelia squarrora, Helianthus annus, H. Decapetatus, H. tuberosus, Rudbeckia hirta, R. Lacinita, Solidago canadensis, Xanthum albinum, X. brasilicum. X. califonicum, X. rupicola, X. spinosum, X. strumarium, Impatiens parvifflora, Armoracia rusticana, Brasica juncea, B. Napus, Cardaria draba, Diplotaxis viminea, Erucastrum armoracioides, Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba, Cannabis ruderalis, Atriplex calotheca, A. hortensis, Chenopodium ambrosoides, Kochia scoparia, Camelina communis, Ipomaea hederacea, Ecballium elaterium, Echinocystis lobata, Sicyos angulatus, Cuscuta campestris, C. gymnocarpa, C. gronovii, Euphorbia dentata, E. humifusa, Elodea canadensis, Valisneria spiralis, Dracocephalum moldavica, Abutilon thophrasti, Malva crispa, M. moschata, Sida spinosa, Oxybaphus nyctagineus, Orobanche cumana, O. Ramosa, Peganum harmala, Phytolaca americana, Apera interrupta, Avena sterilis, Cenchrus pauciflorus, Echinochloa frumentacea, Horedeum jubatum, Lolium temulentum, Panicum capillare, P. milliaceum, Phlaris canariensis, Setaria decipiens, S. italica, S. pycnocoma, Sorghum halepense, Fagopyrum tataricum, Adonis annua, Datura stramonim, Hyoscyamus albus, H. niger, Lycium barbatum, Physalis ixocarpa, Solanum cornutum, S. luteum, Zygophyllum fabago.
The invasive species of fauna are represented by Cervus nippon, Dama dama, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canis aureus, Ondatra zibethica, Phasianus colchicus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis and Ictalurus punctatus.
4b. The Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan were elaborated in 2001, where the current state of biodiversity is reviewed. The agricultural, urban and ruderal ecosystems are characterized. The chapter “Alien Invasive Species” highlights 114 plant species.
5b. Large researches on the history, biology and ways of spreading of some adventitious species, such as Grindelia squarrosa, Amaranthus spinosus, Cenchrus pauciflorus, Euphorbia dentata etc. have been carried out.
6b. The spreading of abusive adventitious quarantine species is determined to a certain extent by the quarantine bodies. These bodies also undertake measures on neutralizing these species concentration and their further spreading. These type of measures were undertaken lately for Euphorbia dentata, Cenchurus pauciflorus, Acer negundo species.
7a. Reports on alien invasive species of flora and fauna are submitted both to the local and international conferences.
9a. Thematic researches on the prevention of the introduction or regulation and annihilation of the adventitious invasive species, which threat natural ecosystems, have not been undertaken. Such researches could be carried out at the Institute of Botany, Institute of Zoology, Moldova State University and Agrarian State University.
10b. At present there is a medium-size volume of information on the adventitious invasive species.
The main scientific works are:
1. Мырза М., Кухарская Л., Гочу Д. Поширения Grindelia squarrosa (Pursch.) Dun. На територii Молдавii // Украiнський Ботанiчний журнал – 1987. – Т.44. №.6. с.42-44.
2. Мырза М., Кухарская Л. Особенности распространения некоторых адвентивных растений Молдавии // Межвузовский сборник “Вопросы биологии и охраны прироы” – Кишинёв: Штиинца, 1988, с.60-68.
3. Мырза М., Кухарская Л. Новый для Молдавии адвенивный сорняк. Сельское хозяйство Молдавии, № 8, Кишинёв, 1988, с. 23.
4. Кухарская Л., Мырза М. Conchus panciflorus Benth. – Новое в Молдавии адвентивное растение // Флора и растительность. – Выпуск 5. - Кишинёв: Штиинца, 1988, с.112-115.
5. Мырза М., Кухарская Л. Адвенивные растения агрофитоценозов некоторых районов Молдавии. Проблема изучения адвентивной флоры СССР. Матералы Совщ. 13 февраля1989 с. 74-76.
6. Мырза М. О некоторых редких и адвентивных растениях Молдавии // Ботанических журнал – Т.76. - №.1. – 1991, с.129-134.
7. G. Dihoru, M. Mîrza Artemisio annuae – Ivaetum xanthifoliae. Ocrotirea, reproducerea şi utilizarea plantelor (Conf. Ştiinţifică a botaniştilor). Chişinău, 1994, p. 14-15.
8. M. V. Mîrza Atlas florae Europaeae (Distribution of vascular plants. Cruciferae (Sysymbrium-Aubrieta)) vol. 10 Helsinki, 1994, 224 p.
9. M. V. Mîrza Atlas florae Europaeae (Distribution of vascular plants. Cruciferae (Ricotia--Raphanus)) Helsinki, 1996, vol. 11, p. 309.
10. M. V. Mîrza Atlas florae Europaeae (Distribution of vascular plants in Europaeae (Resedaceae - Plantaginaceae) vol. 12, Helsinki, 1999, 250 p.
Т.С. Гейдеман. Определитель высших растений ССР. Кишинев, Штиинца, 1986
11d. These issues occur all over the world. An intensive synthropization of flora and fauna has happened recently. Large researches are carried out for identifying species invasion, migration ways, agents that perform the migration and inclusion of these species into vegetal and faunistic nature groups. For example, Grindelia squarrosa penetrated on the territory of the Ukraine in the 50s, in Moldova in the 70s and in Romania in the 90s.
The national policy on alien invasive species lacks in the Republic of Moldova. The potential risk for the natural ecosystems, habitats and autochthonous species is not assessed while introducing alien species.
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