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  Review of Post – Entry Quarantine Protocols for the Importation into Australia of Apple (Malus) and Pear (Pyrus) Budwood
Plant Biosecurity Market Access and Biosecurity GPO Box 858 Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 AUSTRALIA. Telephone: + 61 2 6272 5094Facsimile: + 61 2 6272 3307Email: plantbiosec@affa.gov.auDocument produced by Biosecurity Australia, which is a group within the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - AustraliaTable of contents Telephone: + 61 2 6272 5094 1 Facsimile: + 61 2 6272 3307 1 Email: plantbiosec@affa.gov.au 1 Document produced by Biosecurity Australia, which is a group within the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia 1 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations 5 Executive Summary 7
6.1 Erwinia amylovora 13 6.1.1 Impact of E. amylovora on the apple and pear industry 14 6.1.2 Environmental impact of E. amylovora 14 6.1.3 Environmental conditions for survival and multiplication of E. amylovora 15 6.1.4 Mode of transmission of E. amylovora 15 6.1.5 Possibility of spread of E. amylovora in Australia before detection 15 7 PEQ Protocols For Imported Budwood 16 7.1 Current PEQ protocols 16 7.2 DNRE proposal 17 7.3 BA's recommended PEQ protocol 18 7.3.1 Budwood 18 7.3.2 Post-entry quarantine 18 7.3.3 Bacteria 20 7.3.4 Fungi 22 7.3.5 Phytoplasmas 24 6.3.6. Viroids 25 6.3.7. Viruses 27 6.3.8. Diseases of unknown aetiology 28 8 Accredited Sources Of Propagating Material 30 9 Plant Health Improvement 31 10 References 32 Attachment 1: Quarantine Pathogens of Apple (Malus) and Pear (Pyrus) Budwood 36 ATTACHMENT 2: Additional Exotic Fungi recorded on Apple (Malus) and Pear (Pyrus) 50 Attachment 3: Diseases of Unknown Aetiology of Apple (Malus) and Pear (Pyrus) 59 ATTACHMENT 4: Alterations to Lists A, B & C in the DNRE Report. 62
Glossary of Terms and AbbreviationsAAPGA ………………. Australian Apple and Pear Growers’ Association ABARE ………………. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics aetiology ……………... the science of the cause of disease ALOP ………………… Appropriate Level of Protection is the level of protection deemed appropriate by the country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal or plant life or health AQIS …………………. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service BA ……………………. Biosecurity Australia DNA ………………….. Deoxyribonucleic Acid, usually consisting of two helical chains of polynucleotides that are responsible for the transfer of genetic characteristics DNRE ……………..…. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria epiphytic ……………..… living on a plant, but not as a parasite HRDC ……………..….. Horticultural Research and Development Corporation interstock ……………… scion variety on a rootstock into which a bud or graft is inserted IPC .…………………… International Phytosanitary Certificate IPPC ………………….. International Plant Protection Convention pathogen …………..….. a parasite able to cause disease in a particular host or range of hosts PCR ………………..…. Polymerase Chain Reaction, where conserved nucleotide sequences are replicated to levels that can be detected by gel electrophoresis PEQ ………………….. Post-Entry Quarantine pest ………………..….. any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent, injurious to plants or plant products phytosanitary measure ... any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and /or spread of quarantine pests quarantine pest ………… a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and under official control RNA …………………… Ribonucleic Acid, consisting of a single helical chain of polynucleotides, the main function of which is the translation of the genetic code into protein synthesis rootstock ……………... plant into which bud or graft is inserted scion ………………..… shoots that develop from a bud or graft on a rootstock SPS Agreement ………. World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures synonymy …………….. listing of illegitimate name(s) not currently employed for the species or group under the current name vector …………………. an organism that carries and transmits a pathogen to the host which it attacks such as an insect carrying fungal mycelium or spores WTO ………………….. World Trade Organization |
