| Electronic Supplementary Material
Table S1. List of cities included in this study. All population data come from the United Nations Statistics Division (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/citydata/) except as noted.
City
Number
|
City
|
Country
|
Census
Year
|
Population
Estimate
|
1
|
Algiers
|
Algeria
|
1987
|
1,507,241
|
2
|
Buenos Aires
|
Argentina
|
1991
|
2,965,403
|
3
|
Sydney
|
Australia
|
1999
|
4,031,944
|
4
|
Dhaka
|
Bangladesh
|
1991
|
3,397,187
|
5
|
Belo Horizonte
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
2,154,161
|
6
|
Brasilia
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
2,016,497
|
7
|
Curitiba
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
1,618,279
|
8
|
Fortaleza
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
2,139,372
|
9
|
Recife
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
1,388,193
|
10
|
Rio de Janeiro
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
5,613,897
|
11
|
Sao Paulo
|
Brazil
|
2000
|
10,009,231
|
12
|
Toronto
|
Canada
|
1996
|
4,4030,92
|
13
|
Santiago
|
Chile
|
2000
|
4,7885,43
|
14
|
Beijing
|
China
|
1990
|
7,362,426
|
15
|
Chongqing
|
China
|
1990
|
3,127,178
|
16
|
Hong Kong
|
China
|
1999
|
6,843,000
|
17
|
Shanghai City
|
China
|
1990
|
8,214,384
|
18
|
Wuhan
|
China
|
1990
|
4,040,113
|
19
|
Bogota
|
Colombia
|
2000
|
6,422,198
|
20
|
Cali
|
Colombia
|
2000
|
2,128,920
|
21
|
Medellín
|
Colombia
|
2000
|
1,885,001
|
22
|
Kinshasa
|
Congo
|
1984
|
2,664,309
|
23
|
Abidjan
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
1988
|
1,929,079
|
24
|
Santo Domingo
|
Dominican Republic
|
2001
|
2,677,056
|
25
|
Quito
|
Ecuador
|
2000
|
1,615,809
|
26
|
Alexandria
|
Egypt
|
1996
|
3,339,076
|
27
|
Cairo
|
Egypt
|
1996
|
6,800,992
|
28
|
Giza
|
Egypt
|
1996
|
2,221,817
|
29
|
San Salvador
|
El Salvador
|
2000
|
1,424,000
|
30
|
Bristol
|
England1
|
2003
|
3,915,000
|
31
|
London
|
England
|
1996
|
7,074,265
|
32
|
Addis Ababa
|
Ethiopia
|
1999
|
2,424,000
|
33
|
Paris
|
France
|
1990
|
2,152,329
|
34
|
Berlin
|
Germany
|
1999
|
3,386,667
|
35
|
Budapest
|
Hungary
|
2000
|
1,825,000
|
36
|
Ahmedabad
|
India
|
1991
|
2,954,526
|
37
|
Bangalore
|
India
|
1991
|
3,302,296
|
38
|
Calcutta
|
India
|
1991
|
4,399,819
|
39
|
Madras
|
India
|
1991
|
3,841,396
|
40
|
Mumbai
|
India
|
1991
|
9,925,891
|
City
Number
|
City
|
Country
|
Census
Year
|
Population
Estimate
|
41
|
Bogor
|
Indonesia
|
1997
|
5,000,100
|
42
|
Jakarta
|
Indonesia
|
1997
|
9,373,900
|
43
|
Medan
|
Indonesia
|
1997
|
1,988,200
|
44
|
Palembang
|
Indonesia
|
1997
|
1,415,500
|
45
|
Semarang
|
Indonesia
|
1997
|
2,221,700
|
46
|
Tehran
|
Iran
|
1996
|
6,758,845
|
47
|
Baghdad
|
Iraq
|
1987
|
3,841,268
|
48
|
Rome
|
Italy
|
1995
|
2,648,843
|
49
|
Nagoya
|
Japan
|
2000
|
2,171,378
|
50
|
Osaka
|
Japan
|
2000
|
2,598,589
|
51
|
Tokyo
|
Japan
|
2000
|
8,130,408
|
52
|
Pyongyang
|
Korea
|
1993
|
2,741,260
|
53
|
Bamako
|
Mali
|
1999
|
1,114,000
|
54
|
Casablanca
|
Morocco
|
1993
|
2,943,000
|
55
|
Karachi
|
Pakistan
|
1998
|
9,339,023
|
56
|
Lima
|
Peru
|
1993
|
5,681,941
|
57
|
Quezon City
|
Philippines
|
1995
|
1,989,419
|
58
|
Moscow
|
Russia
|
1999
|
8,297,056
|
59
|
Saint Petersburg
|
Russia
|
1999
|
4,678,102
|
60
|
Dakar
|
Senegal
|
1999
|
1,968,000
|
61
|
Singapore
|
Singapore
|
1999
|
3,894,000
|
62
|
Madrid
|
Spain
|
1998
|
2,823,667
|
63
|
Dar es Salaam
|
Tanzania
|
1988
|
1,360,850
|
64
|
Bangkok
|
Thailand
|
1999
|
7,506,700
|
65
|
Ankara
|
Turkey
|
1997
|
2,984,099
|
66
|
Istanbul
|
Turkey
|
1997
|
8,260,438
|
67
|
Izmir
|
Turkey
|
1997
|
2,081,556
|
68
|
Chicago
|
USA
|
2000
|
2,896,016
|
69
|
Houston
|
USA
|
2000
|
1,953,631
|
70
|
Los Angeles
|
USA
|
2000
|
3,694,820
|
71
|
New York City
|
USA
|
2000
|
8,008,278
|
72
|
Tashkent
|
Uzbekistan
|
1999
|
2,142,700
|
73
|
Caracas
|
Venezuela
|
1990
|
1,823,222
|
|
73 cities
|
42 countries
|
mean
|
3,930,542
| |