Longan and lychee fruit from the People’s Republic of China and Thailand
Draft Import Risk Analysis Report
Part B
August 2003
Foreword
© Commonwealth of Australia 2003
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CONTENTS
1
CONTENTS 5
Appendix 1 – pest categorisation for longan and lychee from china and thailand 7
references – appendix 1 65
Appendix 2 – potential for establishment and economic consequences 79
references – appendix 2 91
appendix 3 – pest categorisation for fresh longan and lychee fruit from thailand 95
APPENDIX 3A: Pest categorisation for fresh longan fruit from Thailand (occurrence in Australia) 95
APPENDIX 3B: Pest categorisation for fresh longan fruit from Thailand (pathway association) 107
APPENDIX 3C: Pest categorisation for fresh lychee fruit from Thailand (occurrence in Australia) 119
APPENDIX 3D: Pest categorisation for fresh lychee fruit from Thailand (pathway association) 131
references – appendix 3 141
Appendix 4 – pest data sheets 147
arthropods 147
Scarab beetles 147
References: 151
Fruit flies 160
Mealybugs 170
References: 182
Soft scales 189
Stink bugs 203
Fruit borers 209
Litchi fruit borer 213
Leaf rollers 216
pathogens 222
Cylindrocladiella disease 222
Litchi brown blight 226
Fruit blotch 230
References: 232
Phytophthora fruit and rot 233
References: 235
Longan witches’ broom disease 236
Appendix 1 – pest categorisation for longan and lychee from china and thailand
NB. Pests in bold are additional to the pests listed in Appendices 1-5 in the Technical Issues Paper
Pest
|
Common name
|
Distribution
|
Present in Australia
|
Host
|
Pathway association – Comment/ Reference
|
Consider further
|
INVERTEBRATA
|
ACARI (mites)
|
Abacarus euphoriae Keifer
[Acari: Eriphyidae]
|
Longan erineum mite
|
Thailand
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
|
Acaspina litchii Huang, Huang & Hong
[Acari: Phytoseiidae]
|
Mite
|
China
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
|
No
No records found
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(Huang et al., 1989)
CIQ (2000) claims not in China
|
No
|
Aceria dimocarpi Kuang, 1997= Eriophyes dimocarpi Kuang
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
|
Longan gall mite
|
China
(He, 2001)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with shoots, spikes and flowers. Has been recorded on developing, but not mature fruit.
Possible vector of longan witches’ broom disease
(He, 2001; AQSIQ, 2003b)
|
No
|
Aceria litchii (Keiffer) = Eriophyes litchii (Keiffer)
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
|
Litchi erinose mite, litchi hairy mite, litchi gall mite, litchi rust mite
|
China
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
Thailand
(Schuetz et al., 2002)
|
Yes
(Halliday, 1998)
Not in WA
(DAWA, 2003a)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
Yes – Feeds on leaves, twigs, foliar flushes and flower panicles. Has been recorded to feed on fruit causing visible damage and malformation
(Waite & Hwang, 2002; Kumar, 1992; Waite, 1999)
|
Yes
|
Aceria longana Boczek & Knihinicki
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
|
Longan erineum mite
|
Thailand
(Waite & Hwang, 2002)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves, flowers and growing points
(Waite & Hwang, 2002; Ungasit et al., 1999)
|
No
|
Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez-Rodriguez
[Acari: Stigmaeidae]
|
Stigmaeid mite
|
China
(PDI, 2000)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Lychee
|
No – Predatory mite
(Hong & Zhang, 1996; Huang et al., 1989)
|
No
|
Amblyseius similiovalis Liang & Ke
[Acari: Phytoseiidae]
|
Phytoseiid mite
|
China
(Liang & Ke, 1983)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Lychee
|
No – Predatory mite
(Liang & Ke, 1983)
|
No
|
Disella litchii Kuang & Feng
[Acari: Nothopodinae]
|
Mite
|
China
(Kuang & Feng, 1990)
|
No
No records found
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(Das & Chakrabati, 1982; Kuang & Feng, 1990)
|
No
|
Echinopsis fukiensis Fan & Chen
[Acari: Raphignathidae]
|
Mite
|
China
(Fan & Chen, 1996)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with bark
(Fan & Chen, 1996)
|
No
|
Epitrimerus dimocarpi Kuang & Hong 1989
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
|
Longan gall mite
|
China
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Hong & Zhang, 1996)
|
No
|
Neoepitrimerus (Neoleipothrix) alocasiae Wei & Kuang, 1993
[Acari: Eriophyidae]
|
Gall mite
|
China
(He et al., 1996)
|
No
(Halliday, 1998)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with buds, flowers and leaflets
(He et al., 1996)
|
No
|
Oligonychus biharensis Hirst
[Acari: Tetranychidae]
|
Cassava red mite
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
Thailand
(CABI, 2002)
|
Yes
(Halliday, 2000)
Not present in WA (DAWA, 2003b)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2003a,b)
|
No
|
Panonychus citri (McGregor)
[Acari: Tetranychidae]
|
Citrus red mite, citrus red spider mite, red spider mite, purple mite
|
China
(He, 2001)
|
Yes
(Halliday, 1998)
Not present in WA
(AICN, 2001)
|
Lychee
|
No – Has been recorded as a minor pest in lychee orchards in China by He (2001), but no records of presence on lychee fruit
(CABI, 2002; CIQ, 2000, Tan et al., 1998)
Australia does not consider this mite to be a pest of lychee (BA, 2002, 2003)
|
No
|
Tetranychus spp.
[Acari: Tetranychidae]
|
Mite
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
No records found
|
Longan
|
No – Not associated with fruit
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
|
INSECTA (insects)
|
Coleoptera (beetles)
|
Adoretus complexus Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Root grub
|
China
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
|
Yes
(Houston, 1992)
Not present in WA
(DAWA, 2003a)
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with roots
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
|
No
|
Adoretus compressus Weber
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Rose beetle
|
Thailand
(Waterhouse, 1993)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
|
Adoretus hirsutus Ohaus
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
White root grub
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
|
No
|
Adoretus sinicus Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Chinese rose beetle, root grub
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with roots and leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
|
No
|
Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
|
No – Adults feed on leaves, larvae feed on roots
http://www.kcn.ne.jp/~tkawabe/kon-koganekoitya.htm
|
No
|
Anomala antiqua (Gyllenhal)
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Groundnut chafer
|
China
(Tan et al. 1998)
|
Yes
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
|
No
|
Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Waite, pers. comm., 2001)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Waite, pers. comm., 2001)
|
No
|
Anomala cuprea (Hope)
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Cupreous chafer
|
China
(Waite, pers. comm., 2001)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Waite, pers. comm., 2001)
|
No
|
Anomala cupripes Hope
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Large green chafer beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
|
Anomala ebenina Fairmaire
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Chafer beetle
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
|
Anomala exoleta Faldermann
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Chafer beetle
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
|
No – Lives underground. Associated with soil
(USDA, 1999; Xue & Guo, 1991; Sun, 1991)
|
No
|
Anomala expansa Bates
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Chafer beetle
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
|
No – Not associated with fruit
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
|
Anomala pallida Fabricius
[Coleoptera: Scarabaediae]
|
Beetle
|
Thailand
(Waterhouse, 1993)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves
(DOA, 2000b)
|
No
|
Anomala varicolor Gyllenhal
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
|
No
|
Anoplophora almora Maulik
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(CIQ, 2000)
|
No
(CABI, 2002)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with new stems
(CIQ, 2000)
|
No
|
Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Black and white citrus longicorn beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
(CABI, 2002)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with roots, stems, trunks and branches
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
|
No
|
Anoplophora malasiaca (Thompson)
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
White-spotted longicorn beetle
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
(CABI, 2002)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with stems, bark, leaves, petioles and roots
(CABI, 2002)
|
No
|
Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Chafer beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves, stems and roots
(CABI, 2002)
|
No
|
Aristobia approximator
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Long-horned beetle
|
Thailand
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
(AICN, 2001)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with branches
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
|
Aristobia horidura
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Long-horned beetle
|
Thailand
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
(AICN, 2001)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with branches
(DOA, 2003a)
|
No
|
Aristobia testudo (Voet)
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Litchi longicorn beetle
|
China
(Waite & Hwang, 2002)
|
No
No records found
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No - Associated with bark and stems
(Ho et al., 1990; Waite & Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1997)
|
No
|
Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis Fabricius
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
|
Tortoise beetle
|
Thailand
(DOA, 2000b)
|
No
(AICN, 2001)
|
Longan
|
No – Associated with leaves
(Verma & Shrivastava, 1985)
|
No
|
Astathes episcopalis Chevrolet
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
(AICN, 2001)
|
Longan
|
No – Not associated with fruit
(USDA, 1999)
|
No
|
Aulacophora almora Maulik
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
No records found
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with new stems and new leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
|
Aulacophora cattigarensis Weise
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
No records found
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
|
No
|
Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky)
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
|
Cucurbit leaf beetle, orange broom galerucid
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
No records found
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1997, 1998)
|
No
|
Auloseryca migrorubra Busk.
[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
|
No
(Houston, 1992)
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves and new growth
(Sauco & Menini, 1989)
|
No
|
Ceresium spp.
[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
|
Longhorn beetle
|
China
(Cavey, 1998)
|
No (1 record of Ceresium spp. In QLD)
(Pollock, unpubl.)
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with branches
(Cavey, 1998)
|
No
|
Chrysochus chinensis Baly
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
No records found
|
Longan
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
|
Clitea fulva Chen
[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
|
Beetle
|
China
(Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
No records found
|
Lychee
|
No – Associated with leaves
(CIQ, 2000; Tan et al., 1998)
|
No
| |