Additional file 5. Host groups and mummy host features recorded for this study.
Taxon
|
Host range type 1
|
Lepidopteran host
|
Site of emergence from mummy
|
Hardening of mummy
|
References
|
Aleiodini tribe nov.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aleiodes aestuosus
|
?
|
Noctuidae (Heliothis***)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes albitibia
|
C
|
Notodontidae (Notodonta*, Eligmodonta*, Pheosia*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[1]
|
Aleiodes apicalis
|
C
|
Noctuidae (Autographa*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes apiculatus
|
C
|
Lymantriidae (Euproctis*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes aterrimus
|
C
|
Noctuidae (Amphipyra*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes barnardae
|
C?
|
Geometridae: Ennominae
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[2]
|
Aleiodes near borealis
|
D
|
Noctuidae (Noctua*, Xestia*, Stilbia*, Phlogophora*, Euplexia*, Cucullia*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes circumscriptus
|
C
|
Noctuidae (Hypena*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes compressor
|
D
|
Geometridae (Hydriomena*); Notodontidae (Clostera*); Thyratiridae (Achlya*); Noctuidae (indet.*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleidoes coxalis
|
D
|
Satyridae (Maniola*, Melanargia*, Coenonympha*), Hesperiidae (Thymelicus*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes dissector
|
C
|
Noctuidae (Orthosia*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes dispar group (Heterogamus)
|
?
|
Unknown 2
|
|
|
|
Aleiodes esenbeckii
|
C
|
Lasiocampidae (Dendrolimus*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes gasterator
|
C
|
Noctuidae (Agrotis*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes cf. gastritor
|
D
|
Geometridae (Operophtera*, Alsophila*); Noctuidae (Conistra*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes grassator
|
C
|
Noctuidae: (Cerapteryx*, Tholera*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes mubfsi
|
C
|
Geometridae: Ennominae
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[2]
|
Aleiodes nigricornis
|
D
|
Noctuidae (Orthosia*, Apamea*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[1]
|
Aleiodes pallidator
|
C
|
Lymantriidae (Leucoma*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[3]
|
Aleiodes pictus
|
D
|
Noctuidae (Xestia*, Diarsia*); Geometridae (Camptogramma*, Xanthorhoe*, Lithostege*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes praetor
|
C
|
Sphingidae (Mimas*, Lathoe*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes ruficornis
|
D
|
Noctuidae (Agrotis*, Hoplodrina*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes seriatus
|
C
|
Arctiidae (Atolmis*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes similis
|
D
|
Noctuidae (Xestia*, Orthosia*, Conistra*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes testaceus
|
C
|
Geometridae (Eupithecia*, Chloroclystis*, Gymnoscelis*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Moderately hard
|
|
Aleiodes trevelyanae
|
C
|
Geometridae: Ennominae
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[2]
|
Aleiodes unipunctator
|
C
|
Noctuidae (Apamea*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Aleiodes sp. (pillosus group)
|
C
|
Geometridae: Ennominae
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[4]
|
Aleiodes sp. 9
|
C
|
Geometridae (Eupithecia*)
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
|
Clinocentrini
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clinocentrus
|
C 3
|
Choreutidae*, Momphidae*, Ypsolophidae*, Epermeniidae*, Tortricidae*
|
Anterior, various radial orientations
|
Moderate to hard
|
[5]
|
Rogadini
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canalirogas
|
?
|
Lymantriidae
|
Posterodorsal
|
Moderate
|
[5]
|
Colastomion
|
?C
|
Crambidae
|
Gregarious, various irregular positions
|
Weak
|
This study
|
Conspinaria
|
?C
|
Zygaenidae: Chalcosiinae
|
Posterior, various orientations
|
Moderate
|
[5]
|
Cystomastax
|
?
|
Arctiidae**
|
Posterodorsal, posterolateral
|
Hard
|
|
Darnilia
|
?
|
Limacodidae (Darna)
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
|
[6]
|
Hemigyroneuron
|
?
|
Geometridae, Lasiocampidae
|
Posterodorsal
|
Hard
|
[5]
|
Macrostomion
|
?C
|
Sphingidae
|
Gregarious, various irregular positions
|
Moderate
|
[7] [8]
|
Megarhogas
|
?
|
Lymantriidae (Perina)
|
Posterolateral
|
Weak
|
[9]
|
Pholichora
|
?
|
Geometridae: (Ascotis)
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
|
[10]
|
Rectivena
|
?
|
Limacodidae
|
Posterodorsal, posterodorsolateral
|
Weak
|
[11]
|
Rogas
|
?
|
Limacodidae (Apoda*)
|
Anterodorsal 4
|
Weak
|
M. R. Shaw (unpublished data), [5]
|
Spinaria, 9 species
|
C
|
Limacodidae
|
Posterodorsal, posterodorsolateral
|
Weak
|
[12] [13]
|
Old World Triraphis
|
|
Limacodidae (Apoda*); Zygaenidae
|
Posterodorsal, posterodorsolateral
|
Weak/hard
|
[5], M. R. Shaw (unpublished data)
|
New World Triraphis
|
|
Zygaenidae (Harrisina); Limacodidae (Sibine**, Vipsania**, Perola**); Dalceridae (Acraga**); Megalopygidae (Norape**); Riodinidae (Melanis**, Napaea**, Emesis); Lycaenidae (Ocaria**, Arawakis**, Strymon*)
|
Posterodorsal, dorsolateral; sometimes gregarious, species not seen
|
Moderate
|
Valerio and Shaw (in prep.)
|
Stiropiini
|
|
|
|
|
|
Choreborogas
|
|
Lyonetiidae
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
|
[14]
|
Polystenidea
|
|
Bucculatrigidae
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
|
[14]
|
Stiropius
|
|
Bucculatrigidae, Lyonetiidae
|
Anterodorsal
|
Weak
|
[15] [5]
|
Yeliconini
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yelicones
|
|
Pyralidae
|
Posterodorsal, anterodorsal
|
Moderately weak
|
[16]
|
Other subfamilies
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acanthormius
|
|
Xyloryctidae
|
|
|
[17]
|
Hormius
|
|
Pyralidae, Coleophoridae***, Gelechiidae***, Momphidae***, Oecophoridae***, Tortricidae***
|
|
|
[17]
|
Lysitermus
|
|
Psychidae
|
|
|
[17]
|
Noserus
|
|
Bucculatrigidae, Lyonetiidae***
|
|
|
[14]
|
Oncophanes
|
|
Various microlepidopteran families
|
|
|
[14]
|
Parahormius
|
|
Lyonetiidae, Cosmopterigidae
|
|
|
[14]
|
Pentatermus
|
|
Noctuidae, Hesperidae***
|
|
|
[11]
|
Rhysipolis
|
|
Gracillaridae, Momphidae
|
|
|
[14]
|
* = Host records confirmed by MRS (unpublished primary data); ** = host records confirmed by SRS; *** = host record confirmed by SAB.
1 "C" means taxonomically continuous (contiguous); "D" means taxonomically discontinuous (i.e. unrelated) (see Shaw 2002)
2 Hosts listed in Fortier & Shaw (1999) appear to be derived from sources listed in Shenefelt (1975) dating from publications before 1930 with uncertain identifications; we have not seen any direct evidence that any member of the A. dispar group has ever been reared.
3 Each of the six species for which host range is known have a continuous host range.
4 For the type species R.luteus (Nees) eleven anterodorsal and only one posterodorsal emergences seen; the latter discounted as abnormal.
REFERENCES
1. Shaw MR: Host ranges of Aleiodes species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and an evolutionary hypothesis. In: Parasitic wasps: evolution, systematics, biodiversity and biological control. Edited by Melika G, Thuróczy C. Budapest: Agroinform; 2002: 322–327.
2. Quicke DLJ, Mori M, Zaldivar-Riverón A, Shaw MR: Suspended mummies in Aleiodes species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) with descriptions of six new species form western Uganda based largely on DNA sequence data. J Nat Hist 2006, 40:2663–2680.
3. Dowden PB: Rogas unicolor (Wesmael), a braconid parasite of the satin moth. J Agric Res 1938, 56:523–535.
4. Fortier JC: Twelve new species and a new combination of the Aleiodes pilosus species-group (= Tetrasphaeropyx Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae) in North America: Part 1. Entomol News 2006, 117:465–484.
5. Quicke DLJ, Shaw MR: First host records for the rogadine genera Rogasodes Chen and He and Canalirogas van Achterberg and Chen (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with description of a new species and survey of mummy types within Rogadinae s. str. J Nat Hist 2005, 39:3525–3542.
6. Achterberg C van: Four new genera of Braconinae and Rogadinae from the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zool Med 1989, 63:79–95.
7. Shaw MR: A new species of Macrostomion Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) from Papua New Guinea, with notes on the biology of the genus. Zool Med 2002, 76:133–140.
8. Maeto K, Arakaki N: Gregarious emergence of Macrostomion sumatranum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae; Rogadinae) from the mummified, full-grown larvae of Theretra silhetensis (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomol Sci 2005, 8:131–132.
9. Watanabe C: Descriptions of new species of genera Megarhogas, Cystomastax and Stantonia (Braconidae) from Formosa. Insecta Matsum 1932, 6:184–189.
10. Quicke DLJ, Shaw MR: First hot record for the rogadine genus Pholichora van Achterberg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with description of a new species and notes on convergent wing venation features. J Nat Hist 2005, 39:531–537.
11. Achterberg C van: Revision of the Afrotropical genera and W. Palaearctical Rogadinae Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zool Verh 1991, 273:1–102.
12. Austin AD: Braconidae: a review of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) that parasitize Limacodidae in Southeast Asia, particularly those associated with coconut and oil palm. In: The biology and control of the Limacodidae of economic importance on palms in SE Asia. Edited by Cock MJW, Godfray HCJ, Holloway JD. Wallingford: CAB International; 1987: 139–164.
13. Achterberg C van: Revision of the genus Spinaria Brullé (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae), with keys to genera and species of the subtribe Spinariina van Achterberg. Zool Med 2007, 81:11–83.
14. Whitfield JB, Wagner DL: Annotated key to the genera of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) attacking leafmining Lepidoptera in the Holarctic region. J Nat Hist 1991, 25:733–754.
15. Whitfield JB: Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Stiropius Cameron (= Bucculatriplex Auct.) with the description of a new related genus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Syst Entomol 1988, 13:373–385.
16. Quicke DLJ, Kruft RA: Species of Yelicones (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) in North America with descriptions of two new species. Ann Entomol Soc Am 1995, 88:129–138.
17. Achterberg C van: Generic revision of the subfamily Betylobraconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and other groups with modified fore tarsus. Zool Verh 1995, 298:1–242.
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