Flesh, bone
|
Liver, kidney
|
Panthera uncia, Neofelis nebulosa
|
Felidae13
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger / Tigris
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Teeth, tripe, dried bones, kidney, gallbladder, fat, eye, sinew, nail, meat
|
Liver, kidney
|
Panthera pardus
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera leo
|
Lion
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Bone
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera leo
|
Lion
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Fat
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera leo
|
Lion
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera pardus
|
Leopard
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Bone
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera pardus
|
Leopard
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera pardus
|
Leopard
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Heart
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera pardus
|
Leopard
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Skin
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera pardus
|
Leopard
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Bone
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Bone paste
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Bone powder
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Penis
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Teeth
|
|
|
Felidae17
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
|
|
|
Felidae20,21,23
|
Panthera pardus
|
Leopard
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
|
Stick fight charm; court case charm snd protective charm
|
|
Felidae21,22,23
|
Panthera leo
|
Lion
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Fat
|
Terrorising people
|
|
Felidae23
|
Acinonyx jubatus
|
Cheetah
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Fat
|
Hunting dog charm
|
|
Felidae23
|
Leptailurus serval
|
Serval
|
II
|
Red List LR/lc
|
Skin
|
|
|
Felidae3
|
Panthera leo
|
Lion or Assad
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Fat
|
Fat is smeared on the chest to relieve pain.
|
|
Felidae3
|
Panthera pardus
|
Tiger or Nimr
|
I
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat
|
Fat is applied externally to treat paralysis.
|
|
Felidae9
|
Panthera tigris
|
Tiger / Os Tigris
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Dried bones
|
Liver, kidney
|
Dried bones of Panthera pardus
|
Galagonidae23
|
Galago moholi
|
Mohol Galago
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
|
Charm for love and athletes, fits, stop babies crying
|
|
Giraffidae10
|
Giraffa camelopardalis
|
Reticulated Giraffe
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/cd
|
Tail
|
Headache
|
Phytotherapy / Mbeere
|
Giraffidae22
|
Girraffa camelopardalis
|
Giraffe
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/cd
|
Fat; unspecified
|
Mixed with herbs and cures different diseases; love and protective charm
|
|
Gruidae13
|
Grus japonensis
|
Red-crowned Crane / Grus Japonensis
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Flesh, bone, brain
|
|
|
Hippopotamidae17
|
Hippopotamus amphibius
|
Hippopotomus
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat
|
|
|
Hippopotamidae17
|
Hippopotamus amphibius
|
Hippopotomus
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
|
|
|
Hippopotamidae22
|
Hippopotamus amphibius
|
Hippopotamus
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat, unspecified
|
Confers strength and power; love charm and cattle charm
|
|
Hyaenidae18
|
Crocuta crocuta
|
Hyena Spotted
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/cd
|
Blood
|
Pneumonia
|
Phytotherapy / Venda of S. Africa and Zimbabwe
|
Hyaenidae18
|
Hyaena hyaena
|
Hyena Striped
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Blood
|
Pneumonia
|
Phytotherapy / Venda of S. Africa and Zimbabwe
|
Hyaenidae20,23
|
Proteles cristatus
|
Aardwolf
|
III
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
|
|
|
Hyaenidae22
|
Crocuta crocuta
|
Spotted Hyaena
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/cd
|
Fat, eyebrow; hair/skin; gland paste
|
Induce sleep; emetic; sorcery
|
|
Hydrophiidae13
|
Laticauda semifasciata
|
Laticauda Semifasciata
|
|
|
Whole body
|
|
Erabu-unagi
|
Hystricidae spp.17
|
|
Old-world Porcupines
|
III
|
|
Intestine, stomach, tail
|
|
|
Hystricidae spp.17
|
|
Old-world Porcupines
|
III
|
|
Quill
|
|
|
Hystricidae10
|
Hystrix cristata
|
Porcupine
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Quill
|
Spiritual
|
Rabai, Duruma
|
Hystricidae17
|
Hystrix brachyura
|
B. Malayan Porcupine
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Quill
|
|
|
Hystricidae2
|
Hystrix cristata
|
Porcupine
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Quill
|
Spiritual
|
|
Hystricidae20,22,23
|
Hystrix africaeaustralis
|
South African Crested Porcupine
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Quills; unspecified
|
Prick the knees and feet of lazy children;
|
|
Lutrinae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Bladder
|
|
|
Lutrinae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Liver
|
|
|
Lutrinae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Sexual organs
|
|
|
Lutrinae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Teelth
|
|
|
Manidae spp.17
|
|
Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
|
|
Manidae1
|
Manis pentadactyla
|
Pangolin / Squama Manitis Pentadactylae
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
Liver, stomach
|
|
Manidae17
|
Manis javanica
|
Malayan Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
|
|
|
Manidae17
|
Manis javanica
|
Malayan Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
|
|
Manidae17
|
Manis pentadactyla
|
Chinese Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
|
|
Manidae17
|
Manis pentadactyla
|
Chinese Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
|
|
|
Manidae17
|
Manis temminckii
|
Temminck's Ground Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
|
|
Manidae23
|
Manis temminckii
|
Cape Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales and blood
|
Cure for heart problems, good luck charm, rainmaking and to protect against bad omens and bullets
|
|
Manidae23
|
Manis temminckii
|
Cape Pangolin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
Nosebleeds; rheumatism; love portion; provides strength to the healer
|
|
Manidae9
|
Manis pentadactyla
|
Pangolin / Squama Manitis
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Scales
|
Liver, stomach
|
|
Manis spp.17
|
|
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Manis spp.17
|
|
|
II
|
|
Scales
|
|
|
Monodontidae17
|
Monodon monoceros
|
Narwhal
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - DD
|
Teeth
|
|
|
Moschidae1
|
Moschus moschiferus or M. berezovskii
|
Musk Deer / Secretio Moschus
|
I/II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Navel gland secretions
|
Heart, Spleen, Liver
|
|
Moschidae17
|
Moschus berezovskii
|
Dwarf Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Pod/gland
|
|
|
Moschidae17
|
Moschus berezovskii
|
Dwarf Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
|
|
|
Moschidae17
|
Moschus moschiferus
|
Siberian Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Musk
|
|
|
Moschidae17
|
Moschus moschiferus
|
Siberian Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Pod/gland
|
|
|
Moschidae17
|
Moschus moschiferus
|
Siberian Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Pod/gland
|
|
|
Moschidae17
|
Moschus moschiferus
|
Siberian Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Moschidae3
|
Moschus moschiferus
|
Musk Deer or Al-ail
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Musk
|
Musk is used extensively in the manufacturing of Sudanese perfume. Musk is spread on the body to relieve pain and to moisturize skin.
|
|
Moschidae5
|
Moschus moschiferus
|
Musk Deer
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Musk
|
Used to treat headaches, blood/sugar disfunctions
|
|
Moschidae9
|
Moschus berezovskii, M. chrysogaster, M. moschiferus or M. sifanicus
|
Musk Deer / Moschus
|
I/II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Dried secretion obtained from male musk gland
|
Heart and spleen
|
|
Moschus spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Mush pod
|
|
|
Moschus spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Musk gland
|
|
|
Moschus spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Pod/gland
|
|
|
Moschus spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Pod/gland
|
|
|
Moschus spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
|
|
|
Muridae13
|
Rattus norvegicus
|
Brown Rat / Oletum Ratti Norvegici
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/lc
|
Feces
|
Liver, kidney, large intestine
|
|
Muridae13
|
Rattus norvegicus
|
Mouse / Mus
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/lc
|
Flesh or whole body, skin, liver, gallbladder, kidney, fat
|
Liver
|
Rattus rattus, Rattus flavipectus
|
Muridae13
|
Rhizomys sinensis
|
Bamboo Rat / Rhizomys Sinensis
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Flesh, teeth, fat
|
|
|
Muscicapidae13
|
Turdus merula mandarinus
|
Blackbird / Turdus merula mandarinus
|
|
|
Flesh
|
|
Ouzel
|
Mustelidae13
|
Lutra lutra
|
Otter / Lutrae
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Flesh, liver, bone, gallbladder, feet, skin and fur
|
Liver, kidney
|
Aonyx cinerea
|
Mustelidae13
|
Martes zibellina
|
Sable / Cauda Martes Zibellina
|
|
Red List 2000 - DD
|
Tail or fur
|
|
|
Mustelidae13
|
Meles meles
|
Badger / Meles
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/lc
|
Flesh, fat
|
Spleen
|
|
Mustelidae13
|
Mustela sibirica
|
Yellow Weasel / Carnis Mustela
|
III
|
|
Flesh
|
|
|
Mustelidae17
|
Lutra lutra
|
European Otter
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Mustelidae22
|
Mellivora capensis
|
Honey Badger
|
III
|
|
Fat
|
|
|
Mustelidae23
|
Mellivora capensis
|
Honey Badger
|
III
|
|
|
Hunting dog and protective charm
|
|
Nycticebus spp.17
|
|
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - DD
|
Bone
|
|
|
Otaridae20,22,23
|
Arctocephalus pusillus
|
Cape Fur Seal
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat and head
|
Chest and ear infections and protective charm
|
|
Otariidae1
|
Callorhinus ursinus
|
Northern Fur Seal / Testes et Penis Otariae
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Penis
|
Kidney, Liver
|
|
Otariidae13
|
Callorhinus ursinus
|
Northern Fur Seal / Testis et Penis Callorhini
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Testis , penis
|
Liver, kidney
|
Phoca vitulina
|
Otariidae17
|
Arctocephalus pusillus
|
Cape Fur Seal
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat
|
|
|
Otariidae17
|
Arctocephalus pusillus
|
Cape Fur Seal
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Genitalia
|
|
|
Otariidae17
|
Arctocephalus pusillus
|
Cape Fur Seal
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Penis
|
|
|
Otariidae20,23
|
Arctocephalus pusillus
|
Cape Fur Seal
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat
|
|
|
Otariidae7
|
Arctocephalus australus
|
Southern Fur Seal / Seal penis
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Penis
|
|
|
Otariidae7
|
Arctocephalus pusillus
|
Southern Fur Seal / Seal penis
|
II
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Penis
|
|
|
Otariidae7
|
Callorhinus ursinus
|
Northern fur seal / Seal penis
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Penis
|
|
|
Otariidae9
|
Callorhinus ursinus
|
Penis et Testes Callorhini
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Dried penis and testes
|
Liver, kidney
|
|
Otididae13
|
Otis tarda
|
Great Bustard, Carnis Otis Tarda Dybowskii
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Flesh
|
|
|
Phasianidae13
|
Chrysolophus pictus
|
Golden Pheasant / Chrysolophus Pictus
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/nt
|
Flesh
|
|
|
Phasianidae13
|
Phasianus colchicus
|
Common Pheasant / Phasiana
|
|
|
Flesh or whole body, liver, tail feathers, brain
|
Heart, stomach
|
|
Phasianidae13
|
Syrmaticus reevesii
|
Reeve's Pheasant / Syrmaticus Reevesii
|
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
Flesh
|
|
|
Phasianidae17
|
Pavo muticus
|
Green Peafowl
|
II
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
"End" feather, gall bladder, stock of tail feather
|
|
|
Phocidae13
|
Phoca vitulina
|
Common Seal / Adeps Phocae Vitulinae
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Fat
|
|
|
Physeteridae13
|
Physeter catodon
|
Sperm Whale / Ambra Grisea
|
I
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
Ambergris
|
|
|
Physeteridae17
|
Physeter catodon
|
Sperm Whale
|
I
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
Ambergris
|
|
|
Physeteridae17
|
Physeter catodon
|
Sperm Whale
|
I
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Physeteridae3
|
Physeter catodon
|
Sperm Whale or El-Hoot
|
I
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
Ambergris
|
Blood tonic
|
|
Physeteridae5
|
Physeter catodon
|
Sperm Whale
|
I
|
Red list 2000 - VU
|
Ambergris
|
Used to reinforce potency, kidneys and for general health
|
|
Picidae13
|
Picus canus
|
Gray Headed Woodpecker / Picus Canus
|
|
|
Flesh or whole body
|
|
Dendrocopos major
|
Platysterninae13
|
Platysternon megacephalum
|
Big-Headed Turtle / Platysternon Megacephalum
|
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Whole body
|
|
|
Primates spp.17
|
|
Primates
|
I/II
|
|
Bone
|
|
|
Primates spp.17
|
|
Primates
|
I/II
|
|
Gall stone
|
|
|
Primates spp.17
|
|
Primates
|
I/II
|
|
Skull
|
|
|
Primates spp.17
|
|
Primates
|
I/II
|
|
|
|
|
Procaviidae23
|
Dendrohyrax arboreus
|
Tree Hyrax
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Witchcraft; charm for cattle; charm for crops; chest/ear treatment
|
|
Psittacidae13
|
Psittacula alexandri fasciata
|
Red-breasted Parrot / Psittacula Alexandri Fasciata
|
II
|
|
Flesh
|
|
Other relative species in the same genus
|
Pteroclididae17
|
Pteropus spp.
|
Flying Foxes
|
I/II
|
|
Excrement
|
|
|
Pteroclididae17
|
Pteropus spp.
|
Flying Foxes
|
I/II
|
|
Heart
|
|
|
Pteroclididae17
|
Pteropus spp.
|
Flying Foxes
|
I/II
|
|
Liver
|
|
|
Pythonidae10
|
Pythoinae regius
|
Python
|
II
|
|
Oil
|
Dermatitis chase evil spirit
|
Phytotherapy / Rabai of Kenya
|
Pythonidae13
|
Python molurus bivittatus
|
Boa snake / Python
|
I/II
|
|
Gallbladder, fat, flesh
|
Liver, spleen
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python molurus
|
Indian Python
|
I/II
|
|
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python reticulatus
|
Regal Python
|
II
|
|
Blood
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python reticulatus
|
Regal Python
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python sebae
|
African Python
|
II
|
|
Backbone
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python sebae
|
African Python
|
II
|
|
Bone
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python sebae
|
African Python
|
II
|
|
Fat
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python sebae
|
African Python
|
II
|
|
Skin
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python sebae
|
African Python
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python spp.
|
Pythons
|
I/II
|
|
Bone
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python spp.
|
Pythons
|
I/II
|
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python spp.
|
Pythons
|
I/II
|
|
Oil
|
|
|
Pythonidae17
|
Python spp.
|
Pythons
|
I/II
|
|
|
|
|
Pythonidae20,21,22,23
|
Python sebae
|
Python
|
II
|
|
Skin
|
Sexually transmitted diseases and backache
|
|
Rallidae13
|
Rallus aquaticus
|
Water Rail / Rallus Aquaticus
|
|
|
Flesh
|
|
Corncrake
|
Rhinocerotidae1
|
most commonly the Asian species Rhinoceros unicornis, R. sondaicus, or R. sumatrensis are used; sometimes the African species R. simus or R. bicornis are used
|
Rhinoceros / Cornu Rhinoceri
|
I
|
|
Horn
|
Heart, Liver, Stomach
|
Water buffalo (horn) - Cornu Bubali
|
Rhinocerotidae10
|
Ceratotherium simum
|
White Rhinoceros
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - LR/cd
|
Horn
|
Male virility
|
Phytotherapy / Somalis, Bajunis, Arabs
|
Rhinocerotidae10
|
Diceros bicornis
|
Black Rhinoceros
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - CR
|
Horn
|
Male virility
|
Phytotherapy / Somalis, Bajunis, Arabs
|
Rhinocerotidae15
|
Rhinoceros spp.
|
Rhinoceros / Cornu Rhinocerotis
|
I
|
|
Horn
|
Heart, Liver, Stomach
|
|
Rhinocerotidae16
|
|
Rhinoceros
|
I
|
|
Horn
|
Dries pus and purifies blood
|
|
Rhinocerotidae16
|
|
Rhinoceros
|
I
|
|
Skin
|
Smallpox
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Ceratotherium simum cottoni
|
White Rhinoceros
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - CR
|
Horn
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Diceros bicornis
|
Black Rhinoceros
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - CR
|
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Rhinoceros unicornis
|
Indian Rhinoceros
|
I
|
|
Horn
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Rhinocerotidae spp.
|
|
I/II
|
|
Blood
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Rhinocerotidae spp.
|
|
I/II
|
|
Horn
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Rhinocerotidae spp.
|
|
I/II
|
|
Muscle, skin, teeth, toe
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae17
|
Rhinocerotidae spp.
|
|
I/II
|
|
|
|
|
Rhinocerotidae22,23
|
Diceros bicornis
|
Black Rhinoceros
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - CR
|
Hair, horn
|
Sustain wounds during the battle
|
|
Sciuridae1
|
Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards or Pteromys xanthotis Milne-Edwards
|
Flying Squirrel / Excrementum Trogopteri seu Pteromi
|
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Feces
|
Liver, spleen
|
In parts of southern China the feces of Petaurista xanthotis are used locally as a substitute
|
Sciuridae13
|
Sciurus vulgaris
|
Red Squirrel / Sciurus Vulgaris
|
|
Red List 2000 - LR/nt
|
Whole body
|
|
|
Sciuridae14
|
Trogopterus xanthipes
|
Excrementum Trogopterori
|
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Feces
|
Liver
|
feces of Petaurista xanthotis, P. petaurista, P. elegans, P. yunnanensis, P. alborutus, Belomys pearsoni, Hylopetes alboniger, Pteromys volans and Aeretes melanopterus / Trogopterus dung
|
Scolopacidae13
|
Tringa totanus
|
Redshank / Tringa
|
|
|
Flesh
|
|
Other relative species in the same genus / snipe
|
Spheniscidae23
|
Spheniscus demersus
|
African Penguin
|
II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Spheniscidae23
|
Tauraco corythaix
|
Helmeted Turaco
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Strigidae13
|
Glaucidium cuculoides
|
Cuckoo Owlet / Carnis Glaucidii Cuculoidis
|
II
|
|
Flesh
|
|
|
Struthionidae23
|
Struthio camelus
|
Ostrich
|
I
|
|
|
|
|
Suidae20,23
|
Phacochoerus aethiopicus
|
Cape Warthog
|
|
Red List 2000 - EX
|
|
|
|
Syngnathidae1
|
Hippocampus histrix
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Kindney, Liver
|
|
Syngnathidae1
|
Hippocampus kelloggi
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
|
Whole body
|
Kindney, Liver
|
|
Syngnathidae1
|
Hippocampus trimaculatus
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Kindney, Liver
|
|
Syngnathidae14
|
Hippocampus histrix
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Kidney
|
Whole body of H. coronatus
|
Syngnathidae14
|
Hippocampus japonicus
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Kidney
|
Whole body of H. coronatus
|
Syngnathidae14
|
Hippocampus kelloggi
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
|
Whole body
|
Kidney
|
Whole body of H. coronatus
|
Syngnathidae14
|
Hippocampus kuda
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Kidney
|
Whole body of H. coronatus
|
Syngnathidae14
|
Hippocampus trimaculatus
|
Seahorse / Hippocampus
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Whole body
|
Kidney
|
Whole body of H. coronatus
|
Testudinidae1
|
Chinemys reevesii
|
Reeve's Turtle / Plastrum Testudinis
|
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Turtle shell
|
Heart, Kidney, Liver
|
|
Testudinidae13
|
Chinemys reevesii
|
Reeve's Turtle / Testudinis
|
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Flesh, blood, glue of tortoise plastron, bile
|
|
Cuora amboinensis, Testudo elongata, Mauremys mutica, Testudo impressa, Clemmys bealei
|
Testudinidae17
|
Geochelone elegans
|
Star Tortoise
|
II
|
|
Shell
|
|
|
Testudinidae17
|
Geochelone pardalis
|
Leopard Tortoise
|
II
|
|
Shell
|
|
|
Testudinidae9
|
Chinemys reevesii
|
Reeve's Turtle / Carapax et Plastrum Testudinis
|
|
Red List 2000 - EN
|
Dried plastron
|
Liver, kidney and heart
|
Plastrons of Cuora amboinensis, Testudo elongata, Mauremys mutica, Testudo impressa, Clemmys bealei
|
Thryonomyidae23
|
Thryonomys swinderianus
|
Cane Rat
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
|
Love charm; good luck charm and pregnancy treatment
|
|
Tridacnidae13
|
Tridacna squamosa
|
Fluted Clam / Concha Tridacna Squamosa
|
II
|
Red list 2000 LR/cd
|
Shell
|
|
Tridacna cookiana and other relative species in the same genus
|
Trionychidae13
|
Pelochelys bibroni
|
Giant Soft-shelled Turtle / Pelochelys
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Shell, flesh, fat, gallbladder
|
|
|
Ursidae spp. (excluding Aliuropoda melanoleuca)17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Ursidae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Bile
|
|
|
Ursidae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Bone
|
|
|
Ursidae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Bones of the hand
|
|
|
Ursidae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Ursidae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Hair
|
|
|
Ursidae spp.17
|
|
|
I/II
|
|
Teeth
|
|
|
Ursidae1
|
Ursus arctos
|
Brown Bear / Vesica Fellea Ursi
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Gall bladder
|
Gallbladder, Heart, Liver
|
Cow gallbladder - Vesica Fellea Bovus
|
Ursidae1
|
Ursus thibetanus
|
Brown Bear / Vesica Fellea Ursi
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Gall bladder
|
Gallbladder, Heart, Liver
|
Cow gallbladder - Vesica Fellea Bovus
|
Ursidae17
|
Helarctos malayanus
|
Sun Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - DD
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Helarctos malayanus
|
Sun Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - DD
|
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Melursus ursinus
|
Sloth Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Gall
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus americanus
|
American Black Bear
|
II
|
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus americanus
|
American Black Bear
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus arctos
|
Brown Bear
|
I/II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus arctos
|
Brown Bear
|
I/II
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus thibetanus
|
Asiatic Black Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Gall
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus thibetanus
|
Asiatic Black Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Gall bladder
|
|
|
Ursidae17
|
Ursus thibetanus
|
Asiatic Black Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Ursidae4
|
Ursus arctos
|
Brown Bear
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Bear gall
|
Abdominal tumors; abdominal pain due to obstruction or bad food intake; cramps in neck and back; chest pains; unsuccesful urge to vomit; irritability; insanity; intermittent fever (malaria-like state); diarrhea. Kills parasite insects, stops vomiting, diffuses smallpox. Also used to treat children's nervous breakdowns, convulsions, stomach ache during pregnancy, abdominal pain after childbirth, produce labor pains. Clears blurred eyes, stops pain of hemorrhoids. Restores vitality and rids impurities from body.
|
|
Ursidae9
|
Ursus arctos
|
Brown Bear / Fel Ursi
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Dried gallbladder
|
Liver, gallbladder and heart
|
|
Ursidae9
|
Ursus thibetanus
|
Bear / Fel Ursi
|
I
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Dried gallbladder
|
Liver, gallbladder and heart
|
|
Varanidae17
|
Varanus spp.
|
|
II
|
|
Oil
|
|
|
Varanidae17
|
Varanus spp.
|
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Veranidae22,23
|
Varanus niloticus
|
Nile Monitor
|
II
|
|
Fat; unspecified
|
Cure earache in children; witchcraft and skin problems
|
|
Veranidae23
|
Varanus niloticus
|
Nile Monitor
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
Vespertilionidae1
|
Vespertilio murinus
|
Parti-colored Bat / Excrementum Vespertilionis Murini
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Feces
|
Liver
|
|
Vespertilionidae13
|
Vespertilio superans
|
Parti-colored Bat / Vespertilio
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Whole body
|
Liver
|
Pipistrellus abramus, Plecotus auritus, Rhinolophus ferrum equinum and other relative species
|
Vespertilionidae14
|
Vespertilio superans
|
Parti-colored Bat / Excrementum Vespertilionis
|
|
Red List 1996 - LR/lc
|
Feces
|
Liver
|
Feces of most species in Vespertilio
|
Viperidae17
|
Crotalus durissus
|
Neo-tropical Rattlesnake
|
III
|
|
Fresh/dried venom
|
|
|
Viperidae17
|
Crotalus durissus
|
Neo-tropical Rattlesnake
|
III
|
|
|
|
|
Viverridae13
|
Viverra zibetha
|
Civet / Carnis Viverra seu Viverricula
|
III
|
|
Meat
|
|
Viverricula indica
|
Viverridae13
|
Viverra zibetha
|
Civet / Secretium Viverra seu Viverricula
|
III
|
|
Secretion
|
|
Viverricula indica
|
Viverridae20,23
|
Genetta genetta
|
Small Spotted Genet
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
|
|
|
Viverridae23
|
Genetta genetta
|
Small Spotted Genet
|
|
Red List 2000 - VU
|
Skin
|
Protection against sorcery, TMP clinic ornament
|
|
|
Cercopithecus albogularis17
|
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heloderma horridum17
|
Beaded Lizard
|
II
|
|
Dried venom
|
|
|
|
Hirudo medicinalis17
|
|
II
|
|
Body
|
|
|
|
Hirudo medicinalis17
|
|
II
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indotestudo elongata17
|
|
II
|
|
Shell
|
|
|
|
Manouria impressa17
|
|
II
|
|
Shell
|
|
|
|
Morenia ocellata17
|
|
I
|
|
Shell
|
|
|
|
Pangasianodon gigas17
|
|
I
|
|
Gall bladder, pectoal spine
|
|
|
|
Testudinidae spp.17
|
|
I/II
|
|
|
|
|
|
Testudinidae spp.17
|
|
I/II
|
|
Shell
|
|
|
|
Uromastyx aegypitus17
|
|
II
|
|
Extract from live animals
|
|
|
References
1. Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica Revised Edition, Dan Bensky and Andrew Gamble with Ted Kaptchuk, Eastland Press, 1993, Seattle
2 Edinburg, T.L. (1998) Traditional Medicines of South Africa, The Pharmaceutical Journal, Volume 261, No. 7007, Pages 242-244
3. El-Kamali, H.H., 2000. Folk medicine use of some animal products in Central Sudan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 279-282.
4. KAMPO, How the Japanese Updated Traditional Herbal Medicine, Akira Tsumura , Japan Publications, Inc., 1991, Tokyo and New York, Page 166-167
5. Lev, E., Amar Z., 2000. Ethnopharmacological survey of traditional drugs sold in Israel at the end of the 20th century. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 191-205.
6. Pinniped penises in the marketplace: a progress report. D. Lavigne, P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, B.N. White, Working Paper 3.3, Molecular Identification of Cetaceans workshop, 14-16 June 1999. La Jolla, California.
7. Pinniped penises in trade: a molecular-genetic investigation, S. Malik, P.J. Wilson, R.J. Smith, D.M. Lavigne, B.N. White, Conservation Biology 11(6), Pages 1365-1374.
8. Planetary Herbology, An Integration of Western Herbs Into The Traditional Chines And Ayurvedic Systems, Dr. Michael Tierra, C.A., N.D., O.M.D., Lotus Press, 1988, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin
9. Rare Chinese Materia Medica, Zhang Enqin et al., 1991, Shanghai
10. S.J. Muchina Munyua, 2001
11. Sesik, E., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., Tanaka, T. 2001. Traditional Medicine in Turkey. Folk medicine in Central Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75, 95-115.
12. Swantz, L (1990). The Medicine Man: Among the Zaramo of Dar-es-salaam, Scandanavia Institute of African Studies and Dar-es-salaam University Press, Pages 34 and 134
13. The Chinese Materia Medica Dictionary, Jiangsu New Medical College, 2000, Shanghai
14. The Chinese Materia Medica, Xu Guojun, He Hongxian, Xu Luoshan & Jing Rongluan, 1996, Beijing
15. The Chinese Materia Medica, Zhang Enqin et al., 1996, Shanghai
16. Tibetan Medicine, the Ven. Rechung Rinpoche Jampal Kunzang, University of California Press, 1973, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Page 71 -72
17. TRAFFIC, Doc. AC.15.11, February 1999
18. Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. (1962), The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, 2nd Edition, Publisher E and Livingstone LTD, Edinburg and London, UK
19. Yesilada, E., Sezik E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., Tanaka, T. 1999. Traditional Medicine in Turkey IX: Folk medicine in north-west Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64, 195-210.
20. Simelane, T.S.and Kerley G.I.H., 1998, Conservation implications of the use of vertebrates by Xhosa traditional healers in South Africa in South African Wildlife
21. Mzimela T., 1995. The muthi business.Indicator South Africa.12(2)
22. Pujol, J. 1993. NaturAfrica. The Herbalist Handbook. African Flora, Medicinal Plants. Pp 25-28. Jean Pujol Natural Healers Foundation.Durban
23. TRAFFIC International, Searching for a Cure, Conservation of Medicinal Wildlife Resources in East and Southern Africa, Marshall, Nina T., 1998 |